In French, like in many languages, a small word can make a big difference, even when this word is just a single letter like à. Àis a French preposition that can be tricky to use correctly, as it carries plenty of usages and meanings. Àalso has 4 other declinations based on the gender, the number, and the first letter of the noun it precedes: à la, à l’, au, and auxin French.
One of the simplest ways to explain this proposition is that à(and à la, à l’, and au) means to, at, or in; the same goes for aux, which is used before plural nouns. Yet, it wouldn’t be French if it were that simple: the English translations of à, à la, à l’, au, and aux in French are not always consistent.
But don’t worry, in this post we clarify for you the various meanings and usages of à, à la, à l’, au, and aux in French.
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À: An essential French preposition of place
First, let’s review some basics. Prepositions in French are small invariable words that are used before nouns and pronouns and between the rest of the sentence. The most commonly used prepositions in French are àand de.
For instance, in the sentence “Je vais à lamaison pour déjeuner” (I go [to] home to have lunch) the proposition àis used after the conjugated verb “aller” and before the noun “maison” and the rest of the sentence. Note that in English, the translation of tois often simply implied.
In French, àis crucial to understand the movement to a location. Yet the role of this preposition and its contractions is not limited to movement or a location, and can have other usages we’ll explain later in this post. In the meantime, you can also check our general introduction to French prepositions.
Finally, keep in mind that the preposition à should not be mistaken with the unaccented a, which is a conjugated form of the verb avoir(to have).
What are French contractions?
As we’ve seen, a French preposition precedes a noun, and thus a definite article: le, la, l’, or les. For pronunciation reasons, àforms contractions depending on the article and the first letter of the noun.
Since the definite articles leand laare contracted to l’before a noun starting with a vowel, when àis followed by a such a word it becomes à l’in French. This is the case whether the noun is masculine or feminine.
- They leave for school. – Ils partent à l’école.
When the proposition refers to a singular masculine noun preceded by the article le, it contracts to au in French. (We never say “à le” in French.)
- They live at15 Grandjean street. – Ils habitent au15 rue Grandjean.
If the noun is plural, thus preceded by the article les, the contraction becomes aux. This is the case whether the plural noun is masculine or feminine. (We never say “à les” in French.)
- They travel tothe Netherlands. – Ils voyagent auxPays-Bas.
When to use À, À la, À l’, Au, and Aux in French
As mentioned above, à, à la, à l’, au, and aux in French can usually be translated to to, at, and in, as it often refers to a location. But àand its other declinations also have other meanings. Let’s go over the most common instances when we use à, à la, à l’, au, and aux in French.
To indicate a place
One of the primary usages of àin French is to indicate a location, a place, or a destination, as seen in the first examples.
- I’m atthe beach. – Je suis àla plage.
- I spend the summer inParis. – Je passe l’été àParis.
Similarly, it is used before the name of a country, based on the gender and number of the country’s name. Thus, for masculine country names starting with a consonant, we use the proposition au:
- I live inSri Lanka. – Je vis auSri Lanka.
- I travel toSenegal. – Je voyage auSénégal.
If the country name is plural, it’s the preposition aux that is used in French:
- He is inthe United States. – Il est auxEtats-Unis.
- She studies inthe Netherlands. – Elle étudie auxPays-Bas.
However, for country names that are feminine or that start with vowels, and for continents, French uses another preposition: en. We go into a lot more detail in our post where we learn all the countries in French.
For time and space
À, à la, à l’, au, and auxare also used to indicate where something is located in time or space.
- The metro is 50 meters away fromher apartment. – Le métro se situe à50 mètres de son appartement.
- She lives downthe street. – Elle habite aubas de la rue.
- The meeting is at2pm. – La réunion est à14 heures.
Àis also used in expressions referring to a point later in time.
- See you tomorrow – Àdemain
- See you next time – Àlaprochaine
- See you later – Àplus tard
For other expressions for parting ways, here’s a good post of ways to say goodbye in French.
To mark possession
Another classic usage of àin French and its declinations is to mark possession.
- This ring belongs toLeila. – Cette bague appartient àLeila.
- It’s a friend ofmine. – C’est un ami àmoi.
We explain the other ways to express possession in French in our posts on possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns, and possession using De and Être à.
To indicate a means of transportation
The preposition à is also used when we describe our means of transportation, though only for ones that we don’t enter into.
- I go bybike. – Je vais àvélo.
- He made the trip onfoot. – Il a fait le chemin àpied.
To define the purpose or express characteristics
À, à la, à l’, au, and auxalso have the ability to indicate an object’s characteristics or purpose.
- An ironing board – Une table àrepasser
- A fruit tart – Une tarte auxfruits
- An English garden – Un jardin à l’anglaise
- A handmade jewelry – Un bijou fait à lamain
Conclusion
To be honest, as is often the case in the language, there is no fixed rule when it comes to understanding the meaning and correct usage of the preposition àand its other forms à la, à l’, au, and auxin French.
The list we’ve provided here is a good start, that à and its variations are generally used to indicate a place, a time, and possession. Nonetheless, keep in mind that this list is not exhaustive, and it’s really through practice that you’ll understand the right usages.
Bon courage, et à laprochaine!
